Watson conducted several experiments exploring emotional learning in children. He spent much of his career applying his theories to the study of child development and early learning. He believed that a person’s physical responses provided the only insight into internal actions. Watson’s behaviorist theory focused not on the internal emotional and psychological conditions of people, but rather on their external and outward behaviors. His 1919 text, Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist, was more readily accepted, though Watson’s behaviorist theories were not fully adopted into academia and mainstream psychology for another decade.
Watson published his groundbreaking article on behaviorism in 1913, “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It,” often referred to as “The Behaviorist Manifesto.” Because there was little evidence of a specific behavior mechanism in his theory, many of Watson’s colleagues did not accept his beliefs as scientifically valid. Watson served as president of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1915, and he received a Gold Medal for his contributions to his field by the APA shortly before his death in 1958. Prior to his death, Watson burned most of his letters and personal papers. Watson was the grandfather of actress Mariette Hartley, who argued that she developed psychological problems as a result of being raised according to behaviorist principles. He spearheaded many enormously successful advertising campaigns, including ads for Ponds Cold Cream and Maxwell House Coffee. After leaving the teaching profession, Watson entered the field of advertising, rising to an executive position in only two years. The couple remained together for 15 years until Rayner's death at the age of 36. Watson was asked to leave his position at John Hopkins University in 1920, and Watson and Rayner were married in 1921. During this time, Watson entered into an affair with one of his graduate students, Rosalie Rayner, while married to his first wife, Mary Ickes Watson. In 1908, Watson accepted a faculty position at Johns Hopkins University. In 1903, Watson presented his dissertation at the University of Chicago and remained there as a research professor, focusing on learning and sensory input in animals. Watson was heavily influenced by Vladimir Bekhterev and Ivan Pavlov, and he used principles of experimental physiology to examine all aspects of behavior. Next, he enrolled in a graduate program at the University of Chicago, where he studied psychology and began to develop his behaviorist theories. His academic life turned around dramatically, and he graduated with a master’s degree by the time he was 21.
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With the assistance of his mother's professional connections, Watson was accepted to Furman University in South Carolina. He had a troubled adolescence, getting arrested for fighting and disorderly behavior twice, and performed poorly academically. She disavowed smoking, drinking, and other vices, but Watson grew into an adult who openly opposed religion. His mother, Emma, was devoutly religious and named him after a Baptist minister in the hope that he would join the clergy. Watson was born on Januin South Carolina. Watson was an early 20th century psychologist who established the psychological field of behaviorism.
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